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Figure.1 A simple example of 8 puzzle
Project Description
An 8 puzzle is a simple game consisting of a 3 x 3 grid (containing 9 squares). One of the squares is
empty. The remaining 8 squares in the grid have a movable tile that is annotated with a digit ranging
from 1-8 (hence, the name 8 puzzle). The objective in solving 8-puzzle is to keep moving the tiles around
into different positions one by one (so you move one tile at a time, and then you think about your next
move) until the numbers on the 3x3 satisfy a "goal test". In this project, we are going to experiment with
more than one kind of goal test.

Files to Submit: As part of the project submission, we expect you to submit a zip file which contains only
three files. You will need to create and submit 2 files for the assignment by yourselves (See Table 1 below
for file name and explanation). Make sure that you name these files exactly like this.
File Name Explanation
File-1: solution_q1.py Include all functions that could generate answers
for each sub-problem of Q1. Include solutions to
all the problems in a single Python file. Make sure
that your solution file could be directly run in the
terminal (through the command line “python
solution_q1.py”)
File-2: solution_q2.py Include all functions that could generate answers
for each sub-problem of Q2. Include solutions to
all the problems in a single Python file. Make sure
DS/CMPSC 442: Artificial Intelligence
Fall 2023
Project-1 Solve the game of 8-puzzle
!"#$% &$' ()+, -(%(. /01
In this project, every student is required to implement search algorithms learned during the class using
Python 3.9 (this is important, make sure that your code compiles with Python 3.9) to solve the 8-puzzle
problem under different scenarios. The detail of each question is mentioned below.
that your solution file could be directly run in the
terminal (through the command line “python
solution_q2.py”)
File-3: proj-1-submission.pdf Answer the rest of the questions in this project
Table 1. Submission files for project-1
In solution.py, you should have the ability to read from a file named “input.txt” (includes initial state of 8
puzzle) and print out the corresponding solutions in the terminal. In “input.txt” (make sure that you use
the same file name), you should have a single line that specifies the starting state of the 8-puzzle
problem. As an example, take the initial state in Figure.1 as an example, the input.txt file should contain
a single line that looks like this (The symbol ”_” represents the empty square):
7,2,4,5,_,6,8,3,1
As another example, if the initial state that you wanted to specify was the right-hand side state shown in
Figure 1, then input.txt should look like this.
_,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
NOTE: Make sure that there is no whitespace in your input.txt, so no space or tab characters in
between the numbers. Only use a single comma without any whitespaces to delimit the different
numbers in your file.
And the expected output inside the Terminal is (In the expected output window below, the phrase
“#answer generated by your function.” is a coding style comment. We don’t expect that to be part of the
output):
The solution of Q1.1 is:
#answer generated by your function.
The solution of Q1.2 is:
#answer generated by your function.
The solution of Q1.3 is:
#answer generated by your function.
……
…
…
Figure.2 The expected output in the terminal when running “python solution_q1.py”
Evaluation: Your code will be graded manually by TA for technical correctness. To foster the grading
process, they will directly check the output printed in the terminal after running the command “python
solution.py” with different testing version of “input.py” that the instructor has created. So make sure your
code can run in the terminal smoothly before making the submission.
Academic Dishonesty: We will be checking your code against other submissions in the class for logical
redundancy (using automated software). If you copy someone else’s code and submit it with minor
changes, we will know. These cheat detectors are quite hard to fool, so please don’t try. We trust you all
to submit your own work only; please don’t let us down. If you do, we will pursue the strongest
consequences available to us.
Now, let’s get down to the fun part and let’s code up some search algorithms ☺ ☺ ☺
Question-1 Find the solution of 8-puzzle
For question 1, our goal test is the following: “all numbers should be arranged in
increasing order on the 3x3 grid and the empty cell should be on the top left corner”
(HINT: this is exactly the goal test that we have talked about in class, and this goal
state can also be seen on the right side of Figure 1 above)
Q1.1 The Coding Component
Q1.1.a
Implement a DFS that can work with an “input.txt” file that contains any possible starting state. Please
notice that the output of this implementation should be the actual path returned. Submit your code into
File-1(solution_q1.py).
Q1.1.b
Implement a BFS that can work with an “input.txt” file that contains any possible starting state. Please
notice that the output of this implementation should be the actual path returned. Submit your code into
File-1(solution_q1.py).
Q1.1.c
Implement a UCS that can work with an “input.txt” file that contains any possible starting state. Assume
that each tile movement requires paying a cost of 1 unit. Please notice that the output of this
implementation should be the actual path returned. Submit your code into File-1(solution_q1.py).
Q1.1.d
Implement A* search that can work with an “input.txt” file that contains any possible starting state. For
the choice of your heuristic function, use the Manhattan distance heuristic (this can be found in Slide 64
of the A* slide deck that was covered in class). Submit your code into File-1(solution_q1.py). Please notice
that the output of this implementation should be the actual path returned.
Q1.1.e
Implement A* search that can work with an “input.txt” file that contains any possible starting state. For
the choice of your heuristic function, use the Straight Line Distance heuristic which calculates the straight
line distance between the source tile and the destination tile, and adds this distance across each tile on
the 3x3 grid (we covered this heuristic in class). Submit your code into File-1(solution_q1.py). Please notice
that the output of this implementation should be the actual path returned.
Q1.2 The Writing Component
For all parts to this question, use the following starting state of the 8-puzzle search problem:
7,4,_,1,2,5,8,3,6
Q1.2.a
For your DFS implementation in Q1.1.a, run it with the start state given above, and tell us how many node
expansions of the search tree did DFS do to find the solution? Write down the answer to this question
into file-3 (proj-1-submission.pdf).
Q1.2.b
For your BFS implementation in Q1.1.b, run it with the start state given above, and tell us how many node
expansions of the search tree did BFS do to find the solution? Write down the answer to this question
into file-3 (proj-1-submission.pdf).
Q1.2.c
For your UCS implementation in Q1.1.c, run it with the start state given above, and tell us how many node
expansions of the search tree did UCS do to find the solution? Write down the answer to this question
into file-3 (proj-1-submission.pdf). Note: Assume that each tile movement requires paying a cost of 1
unit.
Q1.2.d
For your A* implementation in Q1.1.d, run it with the start state given above, and tell us how many node
expansions of the search tree did A* search do to find the solution? Write down the answer to this
question into file-3 (proj-1-submission.pdf).
Q1.2.e
For your A* implementation in Q1.1.e, run it with the start state given above, and tell us how many node
expansions of the search tree did A* search do to find the solution? Write down the answer to this
question into file-3 (proj-1-submission.pdf).
Questions-2 Find the solution of modified 8-puzzle
We now want to solve a different search problem. For question 2, our goal test is the
following: “the sum of numbers in the top row of the 8-puzzle should sum up to 11. If
that is true, we have reached a goal state”.
Q2.1 The Coding Component
Q2.1.a
Modify your DFS implementation to handle the new goal test. Submit your code into File2(solution_q2.py). Please notice that the output of this implementation should be the actual path returned.
Q2.1.b
Modify your BFS implementation to handle the new goal test. Submit your code into File2(solution_q2.py). Please notice that the output of this implementation should be the actual path returned.
Q2.1.c
Modify your UCS implementation to handle the new goal test. Assume that each tile movement requires
paying a cost of 1 unit. Submit your code into File-2(solution_q2.py). Please notice that the output of this
implementation should be the actual path returned.
Q2.1.d
Modify your A* implementation to handle the new goal test. For the choice of your heuristic function, use
the Manhattan distance heuristic (this can be found in Slide 64 of the A* slide deck that was covered in
class). Submit your code into File-2(solution_q2.py). Please notice that the output of this implementation
should be the actual path returned.
Q2.1.e
Modify your A* implementation to handle the new goal test. For the choice of your heuristic function, use
the Straight Line Distance heuristic which calculates the straight line distance between the source tile and
the destination tile, and adds this distance across each tile on the 3x3 grid (we covered this heuristic in
class). Submit your code into File-2(solution_q2.py). Please notice that the output of this implementation
should be the actual path returned.
Q2.2 The Writing Component
For all parts to this question, use the following starting state of the 8-puzzle search problem:
8,1,4,5,2,6,3,7,_
Q2.2.a
For your DFS implementation in Q2.1.a, run it with the start state given above, and tell us how many node
expansions of the search tree did DFS do to find the solution? Write down the answer to this question
into file-3 (proj-1-submission.pdf).
Q2.2.b
For your BFS implementation in Q2.1.b, run it with the start state given above, and tell us how many node
expansions of the search tree did BFS do to find the solution? Write down the answer to this question
into file-3 (proj-1-submission.pdf).
Q2.2.c
For your UCS implementation in Q2.1.c, run it with the start state given above, and tell us how many node
expansions of the search tree did UCS do to find the solution? Write down the answer to this question
into file-3 (proj-1-submission.pdf). Note: Assume that each tile movement requires paying a cost of 1
unit.
Q2.2.d
For your A* implementation in Q2.1.d, run it with the start state given above, and tell us how many node
expansions of the search tree did A* search do to find the solution? Write down the answer to this
question into file-3 (proj-1-submission.pdf).
Q2.2.e
For your A* implementation in Q2.1.e, run it with the start state given above, and tell us how many node
expansions of the search tree did A* search do to find the solution? Write down the answer to this
question into file-3 (proj-1-submission.pdf).
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