YEAR 2022-23
EXAM CANDIDATE ID:
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BSDG1
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MODULE CODE:
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GEOG0093
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MODULE NAME:
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Conservation and
Environmental Management
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COURSE PAPER TITLE:
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Perceptions, Concerns, and
Barriers to the
Implementation of
Conservation-Friendly Agriculture Amongst English Crop Farmers
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WORD COUNT:
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1,985 words
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3. Details of fieldwork project
Project title
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Perceptions, Concerns, and Barriers to the Implementation of
Conservation-Friendly Agriculture Amongst English Crop Farmers
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Subject keywords (please provide 3)
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Conservation, Agriculture, Perceptions
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Project location (country and
region)
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England, East of England
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Fieldwork dates
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From 1 February 2023 to 30 April 2024
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Total number of days in the field
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184 days of fieldwork (6 months)
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4. Abstract (101 words)
This fifteen-month research project aims to better understand farmers’ thinking and decision-making concerning their farms and the (non-)implementation of conservation- friendly practices. Thirty interviews and twelve focus group discussions will be organised with farmers situated in the East of England region of England, United Kingdom. The region presents high concentrations of crop farming and is a valuable site to further explore perceptions and concerns crop farmers have, as well as barriers they experience regarding conservation and agriculture. The project will make significant contributions to expanding conversations with different stakeholders in the region, and to academic literature on rural identities, conservation, and decision-making.
6. Aims and objectives of project (199 words)
This research project aims to contribute to a better understanding of farmers’ thinking and decision-making concerning their land and conservation in their agricultural practices. This will contribute to the literature on rural identities, farming decisions, and conservation agriculture. The methods and findings from this region-specific research could moreover be replicated and applied to better address farmers’ concerns and needs across England. Lastly, the proposed research also aims to recentre soils and the importance of soil health for conservation, farmers, and society alike. The research project’s objectives are:
1. To discern crop farmers’ perceptions and understanding of conservation and conservation agriculture in the East of England region.
2. To explore rural farming identities and how these interact with the types of agriculture pursued and/or rejected by crop farmers in the East of England region.
3. To identify concerns about and barriers to implementing conservation agriculture amongst crop farmers located in the East of England region.
4. To fill research gaps in the literature surrounding conservation agriculture and reasons for, or challenges experienced with, its adoption and/or rejection by crop farmers.
5. To establish collective spaces and times for the exchange of insights and concerns on research themes with diverse stakeholders.
7. Proposed research (including background, research location, methodologies, and project timeline) (932 words)
Background
In 2022, the utilised agricultural area of England accounted for 69% of the country’s total area, and the total croppable area comprised of 55% of this statistic (Defra 2022, online). As the primary agricultural landowners and ‘stewards’ (Beedell & Rehman, 2000, p.118;
Raymond, 2016) of landscapes, farmers have significant influence over these large swathes of land. Intensive farming practices used in conventional agriculture have significantly contributed to the degradation of soils and endangered soil health; so, the conservation of soils is vital for a healthy planet and agricultural system (Henneron et al., 2015). As the main people who engage with soils on an everyday basis, farmers stand at the frontlines of conservation and the ‘safeguard[ing]’ of natural environments (Defra, 2022, p.4). They must be included in discussions and consulted on their opinions.
Persuaded by the principles of conservation agriculture comprising, (1) minimum soil disturbance; (2) permanent soil organic cover; and (3) species diversification (FAO, n.d., online); this project seeks to better understand farmers’ decisions and challenges regarding generally implementing more conservation-friendly agriculture. Studies have shown that farming identities and values are closely linked to the decision-making and agricultural orientations of farmers (Burton, 2004; Raymond et al., 2016; Riley et al., 2018; and Beestra, Slagle & Toman, 2021). Concurrently, scientific, and expert knowledge has been prioritised over the ‘pre-existing agrarian knowledge cultures’ that farmers ‘occupy’ (Morris, 2006, p.117). This project thus seeks to recentre attention on farmers and rewind to attempt to understand the diverse baselines we are currently operating from.
What do farmers understand under the term conservation? How are they currently engaging with conservation (or not) on their farms? How have and do farmers make decisions in this regard? And what concerns and barriers do farmers experience in the implementation of conservation-friendly agricultural measures? These questions are all part of the research plan and will aid in patching up the knowledge and sharing gap between farmers, scientists, and policy officers. Acknowledging local contexts and knowledge, considering ‘the bottom-up perspective’ (Halbrendt, 2014, p.51), and gaining a detailed understanding of the barriers and incentives farmers experience as regards conservation is ‘essential for the actual participation of people’ (Jam, 2022, p.37) in conservation-friendly practices.
Studies have notably demonstrated different approaches to investigating determinants of farmers’ attitudes and behaviours concerning adopting conservation practices (Werner et al., 2017; Chatterjee et al., 2021). Yet as Burton also notes, there is a ‘critical need to rethink our approaches’ (2004, p.212) to understand and further incorporate farmer identities and how these interact with others (Riley et al., 2018). The unpacking of farmers’ perceptions of and relationships to conservation needs to present a holistic account and recognise farmers as situated and enmeshed in several social, economic, and political contexts, backgrounds, and futures.
The proposed research project intends to concentrate on this precisely, utilising individual and group setting methods, and in a geographic region with a high percentage of crop/cereal farms. Ultimately, the idea is to conduct a social science-based project to collect and evaluate qualitative information on farmers and the research themes.
Research Location
The proposed research will take place on thirty different farms located in the East of England region, in which cereal farms accounted for 51% and general cropping farms for 33% of the total farmed area in 2019 (Defra, 2021, p.26). This region comprises Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Luton, Norfolk, Peterborough, Southend-on-Sea, Suffolk, and Thurrock. The research will sample crop farms spread across these ten counties and which implement diverse agriculture types, including conventional intensive and alternative agriculture such as organic and conservation.
Methodologies
This research project will rely on several methods to engage with participants thoroughly and appropriately. To begin, further preliminary research will be conducted on both agriculture and conservation in the East of England region through analysis of existing academic literature to compile a literature review. The preliminary research stage will also include the identification and contacting of different farms through email/phone, and the advertisement of this research project through local news outlets. Research purposes and consent forms will be presented and thoroughly discussed with willing participants in this time as well, to ensure transparency, begin building trust, and provide space for opting out.
The fieldwork will consist of two different methods, namely, (a) an initial semi-structured interview with individual farmers, followed by, (b) six focus group sessions with five farmers each and held twice per group, so twelve sessions in total. The interviews are to engage with and learn about the farmers and their work individually, whereas the focus group sessions will serve to collectively debrief and further explore thematic questions and concerns. Interviews will be transcribed and coded before conducting the focus group sessions to better structure them and try grouping farms according to themes (e.g., geographic closeness, shared concerns, opposing views) that connect them or could somehow prove useful to participants.
Interviews will be audio recorded whilst the method for recording the focus group sessions (audio, visual, paper) will be decided on in consultation with participants. All findings will ultimately be analysed together through coding, identification of common/opposing themes, and reflections in existing literature, to form the basis of discussion in the writing up of this research project.
Timeline
The research project is to be conducted over the course on one year and three months, or fifteen months in total. The following timeline is proposed for the unfolding of the research project:
Month
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Research Phase
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February 2023 to April 2023
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Preliminary Research
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May 2023 to October 2023
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Fieldwork (interviews and focus groups)
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November 2023 to January 2023
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Analysis of Findings
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February 2023 to April 2024
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Preparation of Findings for Publication
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8. In country collaborations and local benefits (100 words)
The project will collaborate with the East of England Agricultural Society (EEAS) for promotion and networking purposes, affording better access to larger agricultural communities. The project will also collaborate with the East Anglia Team of the National Farmers’ Union (NFU). Rob Wise, the Regional Environment Adviser, and County Advisers will serve as key contacts throughout the different stages of research. Local benefits of the project are numerous, among them are (a) the visibility the project will bring to these farmers’ concerns and perceptions, and (b) the connecting of local findings with existing literature in the form. of a special report.
9. How will the project further geographical knowledge? (100 words)
This project will further geographical knowledge by concentrating on understanding land use and agricultural decision-making of crop farmers in the East of England region. In doing so, it will also examine the spatial distribution of the thirty different farms included in the research which is important to geographically contextualising the region. Existing literature lying at the intersection of conservation and agriculture in the region is extremely limited and rather closer to non-existent. This research project would therefore make a significant contribution in terms of knowledge and insight sharing and synthesising for both the region and academic literature in this regard.
10. Project outcomes and wider significance, applied benefits and plan for local and wider dissemination of results (208 words)
The project outcomes will be synthesised in writing in, (a) one special report intended for participants, collaborators, the public, and non-academic audiences; and (b) two articles that will be submitted to academic journals for publication. Target journals are the Journal of Environmental Management, Sociologia Ruralis, the Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, and Environmental Science and Policy. The project’s wider significance lies in its timely focus on an increasingly popular agricultural method amidst alarming soil degradation statistics (Environment Agency, 2019, p.5). Its applied benefits for the agricultural community and academia lie in the thorough debriefs and sharing of results in focus group discussions and promotional events, which will stimulate critical discussion.
Findings of the project will be disseminated through writing the special report and two academic articles. Researchers will also be broadcasting the publication of these papers in local media and news outlets which were collaborated with in the preliminary research phase. Additionally, two launch events will be held in collaboration with the EEAS and NFU to increase community engagement and also present findings. Lastly, the research project will be presented at two conferences, that is, the European Rural Geographies Conference
(June 2023) and the next the East of England Farming Conference (previous one held in November 2022).
11. Permissions needed (if applicable) (45 words)
Permission is needed to enter the private properties of farmers for interviews and focus group sessions. Permission and any limitations thereto will be discussed in advance and specified in the consent forms which participants must sign if they choose to engage in the research process.
12. Summary of key elements of ethical assessment (300 words).
The research will be conducted on farms meaning private property; no data will be collected prior to researchers obtaining consent forms and entry permissions. Participants will be recruited through self-identification and being approached by the researchers. Interested individuals who wish to proceed with the project will be given a consent form to consult and make a final decision with after being introduced to its purposes and having clarifying questions answered. Participants will be asked to consent to sharing minimal demographic data while still retaining their anonymity and may withdraw from the project at any point without consequence.
Main ethical issues that may arise over the course of this research include handling disagreements between participants of the project, which is why regional advisors and collaborators have been identified and contacted for researchers to consult with. Another ethical issue may be handling informal conversations or interests of participants and researchers beyond the scope of this project. Parties will therefore only be in contact over official channels of communication (UCL email/work phones) during working hours and maintain ethical boundaries throughout. All references to other farmers who have not consented to participating in the project that may be mentioned during fieldwork will be omitted and/or erased from field notes and recordings.
The project is collecting and generating data in the form. of field notes, audio tapes, transcripts, and perhaps video (to be decided with participants of focus groups) which will all be digitally stored on safe UCL servers and physically on campus grounds for the duration of the project. Only researchers and research advisors will have access to this data, and all personal data will be stored and processed in compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation. All data will be securely deleted two years after the conclusion of the project in April 2026.