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代做GEOG0093 Conservation and Environmental Management 2022-23代做留学生SQL语言程序

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YEAR 2022-23

EXAM CANDIDATE ID:

BSDG1

MODULE CODE:

GEOG0093

MODULE NAME:

Conservation and

Environmental Management

COURSE PAPER TITLE:

Perceptions, Concerns, and

Barriers to the

Implementation of

Conservation-Friendly Agriculture Amongst English Crop Farmers

WORD COUNT:

1,985 words

3. Details of fieldwork project

Project title

Perceptions, Concerns, and Barriers to the Implementation of

Conservation-Friendly Agriculture Amongst English Crop Farmers

Subject keywords (please provide 3)

Conservation, Agriculture, Perceptions

Project location (country and

region)

England, East of England

Fieldwork dates

From 1 February 2023 to 30 April 2024

Total number of days in the field

184 days of fieldwork (6 months)

4. Abstract (101 words)

This  fifteen-month  research  project  aims  to   better  understand  farmers’  thinking  and decision-making  concerning  their farms and the  (non-)implementation  of  conservation- friendly practices. Thirty interviews and twelve focus group discussions will be organised with farmers situated  in the  East  of England  region  of England,  United  Kingdom. The region  presents  high  concentrations  of  crop  farming  and  is  a  valuable  site  to  further explore perceptions and concerns crop farmers have, as well as barriers they experience regarding conservation and agriculture. The project will make significant contributions to expanding  conversations  with  different  stakeholders  in  the  region,  and  to  academic literature on rural identities, conservation, and decision-making.

6. Aims and objectives of project (199 words)

This research project aims to contribute to a better understanding of farmers’ thinking and decision-making concerning their land and conservation in their agricultural practices. This will  contribute to  the  literature  on  rural  identities,  farming  decisions,  and  conservation agriculture. The methods and findings from this region-specific research could moreover be replicated and applied to better address farmers’ concerns and needs across England. Lastly, the proposed research also aims to recentre soils and the importance of soil health for conservation, farmers, and society alike. The research project’s objectives are:

1.  To   discern  crop  farmers’   perceptions  and   understanding  of  conservation   and conservation agriculture in the East of England region.

2.  To   explore  rural  farming   identities  and  how  these   interact  with  the  types  of agriculture pursued and/or rejected by crop farmers in the East of England region.

3.  To  identify  concerns  about and barriers to implementing conservation agriculture amongst crop farmers located in the East of England region.

4.  To  fill  research  gaps  in  the  literature  surrounding  conservation  agriculture  and reasons for, or challenges experienced with, its adoption and/or rejection by crop farmers.

5.   To establish collective spaces and times for the exchange of insights and concerns on research themes with diverse stakeholders.

7.  Proposed  research  (including background, research location, methodologies, and project timeline) (932 words)

Background

In 2022, the utilised agricultural area of England accounted for 69% of the country’s total area, and the total croppable area comprised of 55% of this statistic (Defra 2022, online). As the primary agricultural landowners and ‘stewards’ (Beedell & Rehman, 2000, p.118;

Raymond,  2016)  of  landscapes,  farmers  have  significant   influence  over  these   large swathes  of  land.  Intensive  farming  practices  used  in  conventional  agriculture  have significantly contributed to the degradation of soils and endangered soil health; so, the conservation of soils is vital for a healthy planet and agricultural system (Henneron et al., 2015). As the main people who engage with soils on an everyday basis, farmers stand at the frontlines  of  conservation  and  the  ‘safeguard[ing]’  of  natural  environments  (Defra, 2022, p.4). They must be included in discussions and consulted on their opinions.

Persuaded  by  the  principles  of  conservation  agriculture  comprising,  (1)  minimum  soil disturbance; (2) permanent soil organic cover; and (3) species diversification (FAO, n.d., online);  this  project  seeks  to  better  understand  farmers’  decisions  and  challenges regarding  generally  implementing  more  conservation-friendly  agriculture.  Studies  have shown that farming identities and values are closely linked to the decision-making and agricultural orientations of farmers (Burton, 2004; Raymond et al., 2016; Riley et al., 2018; and Beestra, Slagle & Toman, 2021). Concurrently, scientific, and expert knowledge has been prioritised over the ‘pre-existing agrarian knowledge cultures’ that farmers ‘occupy’ (Morris, 2006, p.117). This project thus seeks to recentre attention on farmers and rewind to attempt to understand the diverse baselines we are currently operating from.

What  do  farmers   understand  under  the  term  conservation?   How  are  they  currently engaging with  conservation  (or  not)  on  their  farms?  How  have  and  do  farmers  make decisions in this regard? And what concerns and barriers do farmers experience in the implementation of conservation-friendly agricultural  measures? These questions are all part of the  research  plan  and  will  aid  in  patching  up  the  knowledge  and  sharing  gap between  farmers,  scientists,  and  policy  officers.  Acknowledging  local  contexts  and knowledge, considering ‘the bottom-up perspective’ (Halbrendt, 2014, p.51), and gaining a detailed  understanding  of  the  barriers  and  incentives  farmers  experience  as  regards conservation  is  ‘essential  for  the  actual  participation  of  people’  (Jam,  2022,  p.37)  in conservation-friendly practices.

Studies have notably demonstrated different approaches to investigating determinants of farmers’ attitudes and behaviours concerning adopting conservation practices (Werner et al., 2017; Chatterjee et al., 2021). Yet as Burton also notes, there is a ‘critical need to rethink  our  approaches’   (2004,  p.212)  to   understand  and  further  incorporate  farmer identities and how these interact with others (Riley et al., 2018). The unpacking of farmers’ perceptions of and relationships to conservation needs to present a holistic account and recognise farmers as situated and enmeshed in several social, economic, and political contexts, backgrounds, and futures.

The proposed research project intends to concentrate on this precisely, utilising individual and  group  setting  methods,  and   in  a  geographic   region  with  a   high   percentage  of crop/cereal farms.  Ultimately,  the  idea  is  to  conduct  a  social  science-based  project  to collect and evaluate qualitative information on farmers and the research themes.

Research Location

The  proposed  research  will  take  place  on  thirty  different farms  located  in  the  East  of England region, in which cereal farms accounted for 51% and general cropping farms for 33%  of  the  total  farmed   area   in  2019   (Defra,  2021,  p.26).  This   region  comprises Bedfordshire,   Cambridgeshire,   Essex,    Hertfordshire,   Luton,    Norfolk,   Peterborough, Southend-on-Sea, Suffolk, and Thurrock. The  research will  sample  crop farms  spread across  these  ten  counties  and  which   implement  diverse  agriculture  types,   including conventional intensive and alternative agriculture such as organic and conservation.

Methodologies

This research project will rely on several methods to engage with participants thoroughly and  appropriately.  To  begin,  further  preliminary  research  will  be  conducted  on  both agriculture and conservation in the East of England region through analysis of existing academic literature to compile a literature review. The preliminary research stage will also include the identification and contacting of different farms through email/phone, and the advertisement of this research project through local news outlets. Research purposes and consent forms will be presented and thoroughly discussed with willing participants in this time as well, to ensure transparency, begin building trust, and provide space for opting out.

The fieldwork will consist of two different methods, namely, (a) an initial semi-structured interview  with  individual  farmers,  followed  by,  (b)  six  focus  group  sessions  with  five farmers each and held twice per group, so twelve sessions in total. The interviews are to engage with and learn about the farmers and their work individually, whereas the focus group sessions will serve to collectively debrief and further explore thematic questions and concerns.  Interviews will  be  transcribed  and  coded  before  conducting the focus  group sessions  to  better  structure  them  and  try  grouping  farms  according  to  themes  (e.g., geographic  closeness,  shared  concerns,  opposing  views)  that  connect  them  or  could somehow prove useful to participants.

Interviews will be audio recorded whilst the method for recording the focus group sessions (audio, visual, paper) will be decided on in consultation with participants. All findings will ultimately  be  analysed  together  through  coding,  identification  of  common/opposing themes, and reflections in existing literature, to form the basis of discussion in the writing up of this research project.

Timeline

The research project is to be conducted over the course on one year and three months, or fifteen months in total. The following timeline is proposed for the unfolding of the research project:

Month

Research Phase

February 2023 to April 2023

Preliminary Research

May 2023 to October 2023

Fieldwork (interviews and focus groups)

November 2023 to January 2023

Analysis of Findings

February 2023 to April 2024

Preparation of Findings for Publication

8. In country collaborations and local benefits (100 words)

The  project  will  collaborate  with  the  East  of  England  Agricultural  Society  (EEAS)  for promotion  and   networking   purposes,   affording   better   access  to   larger   agricultural communities. The project will also collaborate with the East Anglia Team of the National Farmers’  Union  (NFU).  Rob  Wise,  the  Regional  Environment  Adviser,  and  County Advisers will serve as  key  contacts throughout the  different stages of research.  Local benefits of the project are numerous, among them are (a) the visibility the project will bring to these farmers’ concerns and perceptions, and (b) the connecting of local findings with existing literature in the form. of a special report.

9. How will the project further geographical knowledge? (100 words)

This project will further geographical knowledge by concentrating on understanding land use and agricultural decision-making of crop farmers in the East of England region. In doing so, it will also examine the spatial distribution of the thirty different farms included in the  research  which  is  important  to  geographically  contextualising  the  region.  Existing literature lying at the intersection of conservation and agriculture in the region is extremely limited and rather closer to non-existent. This research project would therefore make a significant contribution in terms of knowledge and insight sharing and synthesising for both the region and academic literature in this regard.

10. Project outcomes and wider significance, applied benefits and plan for local and wider dissemination of results (208 words)

The project outcomes will be synthesised in writing in, (a) one special report intended for participants, collaborators, the public, and non-academic audiences; and (b) two articles that will be submitted to academic journals for publication. Target journals are the Journal of  Environmental  Management,  Sociologia  Ruralis,  the  Journal  of  Soil  and  Water Conservation, and Environmental Science and Policy. The project’s wider significance lies in  its  timely focus on an  increasingly  popular  agricultural  method  amidst  alarming  soil degradation  statistics  (Environment  Agency,  2019,   p.5).  Its  applied  benefits  for  the agricultural community and academia lie in the thorough debriefs and sharing of results in focus group discussions and promotional events, which will stimulate critical discussion.

Findings of the project will be disseminated through writing the special report and two academic articles. Researchers will also be broadcasting the publication of these papers in local media and news outlets which were collaborated with in the preliminary research phase. Additionally, two launch events will be held in collaboration with the EEAS and NFU to increase community engagement and also present findings. Lastly, the research project will be presented at two conferences, that is, the European Rural Geographies Conference

(June 2023) and the next the East of England Farming Conference (previous one held in November 2022).

11. Permissions needed (if applicable) (45 words)

Permission is needed to enter the private properties of farmers for interviews and focus group sessions. Permission and any limitations thereto will be discussed in advance and specified in the consent forms which participants must sign if they choose to engage in the research process.

12. Summary of key elements of ethical assessment (300 words).

The  research  will  be  conducted  on  farms  meaning  private  property;  no  data  will  be collected prior to researchers obtaining consent forms and entry permissions. Participants will  be  recruited  through  self-identification  and  being  approached  by  the  researchers. Interested individuals who wish to proceed with the project will be given a consent form to consult and make a final decision with after being introduced to its purposes and having clarifying questions answered. Participants will be asked to consent to sharing minimal demographic data while still retaining their anonymity and may withdraw from the project at any point without consequence.

Main  ethical  issues  that  may  arise  over  the  course  of  this  research  include  handling disagreements between participants of the project, which is why regional advisors and collaborators have been identified and contacted for researchers to consult with. Another ethical  issue  may  be  handling  informal  conversations  or  interests  of  participants  and researchers beyond the scope of this project. Parties will therefore only be in contact over official channels of communication (UCL email/work phones) during working hours and maintain ethical  boundaries  throughout. All  references to  other farmers who  have  not consented to participating in the project that may be mentioned during fieldwork will be omitted and/or erased from field notes and recordings.

The  project  is  collecting  and  generating  data  in  the  form.  of  field  notes,  audio  tapes, transcripts, and perhaps video (to be decided with participants of focus groups) which will all be digitally stored on safe  UCL servers and  physically on campus grounds for the duration of the project. Only researchers and research advisors will have access to this data, and all personal data will be stored and processed in compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation. All data will be securely deleted two years after the conclusion of the project in April 2026.


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